About files and the file system - from TLDP Introduction to Linux
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Understanding Unix/Linux File System
Tuesday, December 23, 2008
Saturday, December 13, 2008
Linux Command
1. file: identify files by examining their contents.
2. wc: print newline, word, and byte counts for each file.
3. whereis: locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
4. whoami: print effective userid
5. test: check file types and compare values
6. which: locate a command. $ which -a ls
7.
2. wc: print newline, word, and byte counts for each file.
3. whereis: locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
4. whoami: print effective userid
5. test: check file types and compare values
6. which: locate a command. $ which -a ls
7.
Debian Linux apt-get package management
Package management tools:
[1] apt-get: advanced package tool.
[2] dpkg: Debian packaging tool.
[3] GUI tools: aptitude(a text-based interface) & synaptic(GUI front end)
# apt-get remove {package-name}
apt-get remove the package but keep the configuration files
# apt-get --purge remove {package-name}
apt-get remove the package and configuration file
# dpkg --info {package-name.deb}
get package information such as description of package, version etc.
# dpkg -l {package-name}
list all installed packages or individual package
# dpkg -L {package-name}
list files provided (or owned) by the installed package
# dpkg --contents {package-name.deb}
list files provided (or owned) by the package
# dpkg -S {/path/to/file}
find what package owns the file
# dpkg -s {package-name} | grep Status
find out if package is installed or not (status)
# apt-cache depends {package-name}
display a listing of each dependency a package has and all the possible other packages that can fulfill that dependency.
# apt-get source {package-name}
downloads the source code to the stated package
# apt-get build-dep {package-name}
to build a package from a source file
To configure your system, you need to setup your source.list file which is located in /etc/apt/sources.list. You can add any repository that you like, a good list of third-party sources is available on http://www.apt-get.org.
When you install a package APT retrieves the needed files from the hosts listed in /etc/apt/sources.list, stores them in a local repository(/var/cache/apt/archives/), and then proceeds with installation. apt-get clean removes everything except lock files from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/. Thus, if you need to reinstall a package APT should retrieve it again. apt-get autoclean removes only package files that can no longer be downloaded.
[1] apt-get: advanced package tool.
[2] dpkg: Debian packaging tool.
[3] GUI tools: aptitude(a text-based interface) & synaptic(GUI front end)
# apt-get remove {package-name}
apt-get remove the package but keep the configuration files
# apt-get --purge remove {package-name}
apt-get remove the package and configuration file
# dpkg --info {package-name.deb}
get package information such as description of package, version etc.
# dpkg -l {package-name}
list all installed packages or individual package
# dpkg -L {package-name}
list files provided (or owned) by the installed package
# dpkg --contents {package-name.deb}
list files provided (or owned) by the package
# dpkg -S {/path/to/file}
find what package owns the file
# dpkg -s {package-name} | grep Status
find out if package is installed or not (status)
# apt-cache depends {package-name}
display a listing of each dependency a package has and all the possible other packages that can fulfill that dependency.
# apt-get source {package-name}
downloads the source code to the stated package
# apt-get build-dep {package-name}
to build a package from a source file
To configure your system, you need to setup your source.list file which is located in /etc/apt/sources.list. You can add any repository that you like, a good list of third-party sources is available on http://www.apt-get.org.
When you install a package APT retrieves the needed files from the hosts listed in /etc/apt/sources.list, stores them in a local repository(/var/cache/apt/archives/), and then proceeds with installation. apt-get clean removes everything except lock files from /var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/. Thus, if you need to reinstall a package APT should retrieve it again. apt-get autoclean removes only package files that can no longer be downloaded.
Linux Tools
Advanced Packaging Tool (APT):
APT - wikipedia
APT Debian Wiki
APT - HOWTO
Apt-get Guide
apt-get manual page
apt-cache manual page
APT - wikipedia
APT Debian Wiki
APT - HOWTO
Apt-get Guide
apt-get manual page
apt-cache manual page
Linux Tips - 1
1. Install packages at the command: sudo dpkg -i packagename.deb
2. Compiling from source.
Grab the package's build dependencies with sudo apt-get build-dep packagename. Don't make install when you compile from source -- use Checkinstall instead. Checkinstall will create a Debian package and install it for you, so you can remove or upgrade the software more easily later on. After you've run ./configure; make, just run sudo checkinstall and answer a few simple questions.
2. Compiling from source.
Grab the package's build dependencies with sudo apt-get build-dep packagename. Don't make install when you compile from source -- use Checkinstall instead. Checkinstall will create a Debian package and install it for you, so you can remove or upgrade the software more easily later on. After you've run ./configure; make, just run sudo checkinstall and answer a few simple questions.
Friday, December 12, 2008
Thursday, December 11, 2008
Programming Tools
Edit Tools:
Vi/Vim;
Debug Tools:
Valgrind:
Valgrind Homepage
Valgrind 3.3 - Advanced Debugging and Profiling for GNU/Linux applications
GDB: The GUN Debugger, usually called just GDB, is the standard debugger for the GNU software system.
GNU Debugger - Wiki
GDB Homepage
Zen and the Art of Debugging C/C++ in Linux with GDB
Using GNU's GDB Debugger - Tutorial
GNU Binutils: The GNU Binary Utilities, or binutils, is a collection of programming tools for the manipulation of object code in various file format.
GNU Binutils - Wiki
GNU Binutils Homepage
GNU gprof:
GNU gprof Table of Content
GNU gprof from cs.utah.edu
TAU:
Tuning and Analysis Utilities: a portable profiling and tracing toolkit for performance analysis of parallel programs written in Fortran, C, C++, Java, Python.
Version Control Tools:
List of revision control software
CVS:
Software Version Control
The CVS manual - Version Management with CVS
SVN: to be a mostly-compatible successor to the widely used CVS.
Subversion(SVN) - Wiki
Version Control with Subversion - online book
Subversion - yolinux tutorial
Compile, Link, Build, Configure and Package:
GCC:
GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection
An Introduction to GCC
GNU Make: Make is a tool which controls the generation of executables and other non-source files for a program from the program's source files.
GNU Make Homepage
GNU Core Utilities: The GNU Core Utilities or coreutils is a package of GNU software containing many of the basic tools such as cat, ls, and rm needed for Unix-like operating systems.
GNU Core Utilities - Wiki
GNU coreutils manual
Software Development Management
Bugzilla
Misc:
Useful Tools tutorial
Vi/Vim;
Debug Tools:
Valgrind:
Valgrind Homepage
Valgrind 3.3 - Advanced Debugging and Profiling for GNU/Linux applications
GDB: The GUN Debugger, usually called just GDB, is the standard debugger for the GNU software system.
GNU Debugger - Wiki
GDB Homepage
Zen and the Art of Debugging C/C++ in Linux with GDB
Using GNU's GDB Debugger - Tutorial
GNU Binutils: The GNU Binary Utilities, or binutils, is a collection of programming tools for the manipulation of object code in various file format.
GNU Binutils - Wiki
GNU Binutils Homepage
GNU gprof:
GNU gprof Table of Content
GNU gprof from cs.utah.edu
TAU:
Tuning and Analysis Utilities: a portable profiling and tracing toolkit for performance analysis of parallel programs written in Fortran, C, C++, Java, Python.
Version Control Tools:
List of revision control software
CVS:
Software Version Control
The CVS manual - Version Management with CVS
SVN: to be a mostly-compatible successor to the widely used CVS.
Subversion(SVN) - Wiki
Version Control with Subversion - online book
Subversion - yolinux tutorial
Compile, Link, Build, Configure and Package:
GCC:
GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection
An Introduction to GCC
GNU Make: Make is a tool which controls the generation of executables and other non-source files for a program from the program's source files.
GNU Make Homepage
GNU Core Utilities: The GNU Core Utilities or coreutils is a package of GNU software containing many of the basic tools such as cat, ls, and rm needed for Unix-like operating systems.
GNU Core Utilities - Wiki
GNU coreutils manual
Software Development Management
Bugzilla
Misc:
Useful Tools tutorial
C/C++
POSIX-Wiki
C/C++ Programming Language:
C Programming Language - Wiki
C++ Programming Language - Wiki
C99 - Wiki
JTC1/SC22/WG14 - C
The C++ Standards Committee
Wiki Books - C++ Programming Category
Wiki Books - C++ Programming/Weblinks
C/C++ Library, Syntax, Technology:
C/C++ Coding Standard
C/C++ Library
Reference:
C/C++ Reference
Miscellaneous:
C/C++ Course Links
C/C++ Community
C/C++ General Material Website
Material:
C++ Programming HOW-TO
Complatibility of C and C++
C/C++ Programming Language:
C Programming Language - Wiki
C++ Programming Language - Wiki
C99 - Wiki
JTC1/SC22/WG14 - C
The C++ Standards Committee
Wiki Books - C++ Programming Category
Wiki Books - C++ Programming/Weblinks
C/C++ Library, Syntax, Technology:
C/C++ Coding Standard
C/C++ Library
Reference:
C/C++ Reference
Miscellaneous:
C/C++ Course Links
C/C++ Community
C/C++ General Material Website
Material:
C++ Programming HOW-TO
Complatibility of C and C++
Monday, December 8, 2008
Sunday, December 7, 2008
Bash: about .bashrc, .bash_profile, .profile, /etc/profile, etc/bash.bashrc
The difference between ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_profile, ~/.profile, /etc/profile, /etc/bash.bashrc, and ~/.bash_logout:
[1] When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The --noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. Basically, ~/.bashrc allows you to create shortcuts (aliases) and interactive programs (functions) that run on the startup of the bash shell or that are used when running an interactive shell.
[2] When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash reads and executes commands from /etc/bash.bashrc and ~/.bashrc, if these files exist. This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. The --rcfile file option will force bash to read and execute commands from file instead of /etc/bash.bashrc and ~/.bashrc.
[3] When bash exits the file called .bash_logout in the user's home directory is run.
Reference:
[1] http://telin.ugent.be/~slippens/drupal/bashrc_and_others
[2] http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/howlinuxworks/linux_hlbash.html
[1] When bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-interactive shell with the --login option, it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable. The --noprofile option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. Basically, ~/.bashrc allows you to create shortcuts (aliases) and interactive programs (functions) that run on the startup of the bash shell or that are used when running an interactive shell.
[2] When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bash reads and executes commands from /etc/bash.bashrc and ~/.bashrc, if these files exist. This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. The --rcfile file option will force bash to read and execute commands from file instead of /etc/bash.bashrc and ~/.bashrc.
[3] When bash exits the file called .bash_logout in the user's home directory is run.
Reference:
[1] http://telin.ugent.be/~slippens/drupal/bashrc_and_others
[2] http://www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/howlinuxworks/linux_hlbash.html
Saturday, December 6, 2008
Master the Linux bash command line with these 10 shortcuts
The bash shell is the primary interface to the Linux operating system -- it accepts, interprets and executes your commands, and provides you with the building blocks for shell scripting and automated task execution.
[1] Easily recall previous commands
"speed search" previously-executed commands by typing the first few letters of the command followed by the key combination Ctrl-R.
[2] Use command aliases
You can obtain a list of available aliases by invoking alias without any argument, and you can delete an alias with unalias.
[3] Use filename auto-completion
To use this feature, type the first few letters of the file name, followed by Tab. Bash will scan the current directory, as well as all other directories in the search path, for matches to that name.
[4] Use key shortcuts to efficiently edit the command line
Ctrl-A/E: moves the cursor to the beginning/end of the command line.
Ctrl-W/K: deletes the word immediately before/after the cursor.
[5] Get automatic notification of new mail
MAILPATH='/var/spool/mail/USERNAME'
export MAILPATH
[6] Run tasks in the background
To run a task in the background, add an ampersand(&) to the end of its command line.
[7] Quickly jump to frequently-used directories
$PATH variables lists bash's "search path" - the directories it will search when it can't find the requested file in the current directory. However, bash also supports the $CDPATH variable, which lists the directories the cd command will look in when attempting to change directories.
[8] Perform calculations
echo $((16/2))
type in the artithmetic expression you wish to evaluate at the prompt within double parentheses.
[9] Customize the shell prompt
PS1='\u@\h:\w \@> '
export PS1
This will display the name of the current logged-in user, the host name, the current working directory and the current time at the shell prompt.
[10] Get context-specific help
help alias
Reference:
Master the Linux shell command line with these 10 shortcuts
[1] Easily recall previous commands
"speed search" previously-executed commands by typing the first few letters of the command followed by the key combination Ctrl-R.
[2] Use command aliases
You can obtain a list of available aliases by invoking alias without any argument, and you can delete an alias with unalias.
[3] Use filename auto-completion
To use this feature, type the first few letters of the file name, followed by Tab. Bash will scan the current directory, as well as all other directories in the search path, for matches to that name.
[4] Use key shortcuts to efficiently edit the command line
Ctrl-A/E: moves the cursor to the beginning/end of the command line.
Ctrl-W/K: deletes the word immediately before/after the cursor.
[5] Get automatic notification of new mail
MAILPATH='/var/spool/mail/USERNAME'
export MAILPATH
[6] Run tasks in the background
To run a task in the background, add an ampersand(&) to the end of its command line.
[7] Quickly jump to frequently-used directories
$PATH variables lists bash's "search path" - the directories it will search when it can't find the requested file in the current directory. However, bash also supports the $CDPATH variable, which lists the directories the cd command will look in when attempting to change directories.
[8] Perform calculations
echo $((16/2))
type in the artithmetic expression you wish to evaluate at the prompt within double parentheses.
[9] Customize the shell prompt
PS1='\u@\h:\w \@> '
export PS1
This will display the name of the current logged-in user, the host name, the current working directory and the current time at the shell prompt.
[10] Get context-specific help
help alias
Reference:
Master the Linux shell command line with these 10 shortcuts
Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Smart Pointer
A smart pointer is an abstract data type that simulates a pointer while providing additional features, such as automatic garbage collection or bounds checking. Smart pointers typically keep track of the objects that point to them for the purpose of memory management. In C++ language, smart pointers may be implemented as a template class that mimics, by means of operator overloading, the behavior of traditional pointers, (e.g. dereferencing, assignment) while providing additional memory management algorithms.
Why?
1. Less bugs. 2. Exception Safety. 3. Garbage collection. 4. Efficiency. 5. STL containers.
Efficiency: to make efficient use of available memory and to shorten allocation and deallocation time. A common strategy for using memory more efficiently is copy on write (COW). The same object is shared by many COW pointers as long as it is only read and not modified. The standard string class is commonly implemented using COW semantics.
Reference:
Smart pointer - Wiki
Additional Reading:
Smart pointer templates in C++ by David Harvey
Why?
1. Less bugs. 2. Exception Safety. 3. Garbage collection. 4. Efficiency. 5. STL containers.
Efficiency: to make efficient use of available memory and to shorten allocation and deallocation time. A common strategy for using memory more efficiently is copy on write (COW). The same object is shared by many COW pointers as long as it is only read and not modified. The standard string class is commonly implemented using COW semantics.
Reference:
Smart pointer - Wiki
Additional Reading:
Smart pointer templates in C++ by David Harvey
Monday, December 1, 2008
Friday, November 14, 2008
Wednesday, November 5, 2008
Monday, November 3, 2008
C++ Material Website
open-std: C++/POSIX standard
Glen McCluskey & Associates LLC: provides some C++ test suites and performance tips.
Tenouk: Some C++ related tutorials
Curbralan: Have good C++/OOP resources such as papers, tutorials, reports etc.
Glen McCluskey & Associates LLC: provides some C++ test suites and performance tips.
Tenouk: Some C++ related tutorials
Curbralan: Have good C++/OOP resources such as papers, tutorials, reports etc.
Sunday, November 2, 2008
Bignames
iBjarne Stroustrup: C++'s father
Stan Lippman's Blog: autho of "C++ Primer"
Scott Meyers: The author of Effective C++
Herb Sutter: The author of Exceptional C++
John K. Ousterhout: Invertor of Tcl language.
John Graham-Cumming: Create open source POPFile email filtering program.
Andrei Alexandrescu: author of "C++ Coding Standards" & "Modern C++ Design"
Nicolai M.Josuttis: author of "The C++ Standard Library"
Douglas C. Schmidt: CS professor, have some good material about C++/OOP
Stan Lippman's Blog: autho of "C++ Primer"
Scott Meyers: The author of Effective C++
Herb Sutter: The author of Exceptional C++
John K. Ousterhout: Invertor of Tcl language.
John Graham-Cumming: Create open source POPFile email filtering program.
Andrei Alexandrescu: author of "C++ Coding Standards" & "Modern C++ Design"
Nicolai M.Josuttis: author of "The C++ Standard Library"
Douglas C. Schmidt: CS professor, have some good material about C++/OOP
Geeky Programmers
Maciej Sobczak: from Switzerland who are master on C++ and Tcl programming.
Brad Appleton's Home Page : a software development specialist.
David A. Wheel
Programmer's Corner@tmh: some c++ and perl resources
The Cantrip Corpus: in the ISO/ANSI C++ Standard committee
Pete Isensee: lots of C++ related papers and presentations
Brad Appleton's Home Page : a software development specialist.
David A. Wheel
Programmer's Corner@tmh: some c++ and perl resources
The Cantrip Corpus: in the ISO/ANSI C++ Standard committee
Pete Isensee: lots of C++ related papers and presentations
C/C++ Library
Library(computing)-wiki; Program Library Howto;
C Library:
C standard library-wiki
GNU C Library-wiki;
C POSIX Library-wiki
The GNU Readline Library:
GNU readline - Wiki
The GNU Readline Library HomePage
C++ Library:
C++ standard library-wiki
C++ standard template library-wiki
C++ Technical Report 1-wiki
C++ TR1 Information from Scott Meyer
C++ Ox+ - wiki
Dinkum C++ Library
Loki-wiki
GNU C/C++ Library:
GNU Libtool
GNU C Library(glibc): The GNU C library is used as the C library in the GNU system and most systems with the Linux kernel. In general the GNU C library supports the ISO C and POSIX standards.
GNU standard C library ; GNU C Library Manual
GNU standard C++ library
User's Guide to the GNU C++ Library - From Utah University Document Tree
GNU Common C++
STL: STLport ; SGI STL;
Microsoft: MSDN C++ standard library reference;
Boost: Boost; Boost.Python; Boost Trac;
StdExt: StdExt Chinese Version;
C Library:
C standard library-wiki
GNU C Library-wiki;
C POSIX Library-wiki
The GNU Readline Library:
GNU readline - Wiki
The GNU Readline Library HomePage
C++ Library:
C++ standard library-wiki
C++ standard template library-wiki
C++ Technical Report 1-wiki
C++ TR1 Information from Scott Meyer
C++ Ox+ - wiki
Dinkum C++ Library
Loki-wiki
GNU C/C++ Library:
GNU Libtool
GNU C Library(glibc): The GNU C library is used as the C library in the GNU system and most systems with the Linux kernel. In general the GNU C library supports the ISO C and POSIX standards.
GNU standard C library ; GNU C Library Manual
GNU standard C++ library
User's Guide to the GNU C++ Library - From Utah University Document Tree
GNU Common C++
STL: STLport ; SGI STL;
Microsoft: MSDN C++ standard library reference;
Boost: Boost; Boost.Python; Boost Trac;
StdExt: StdExt Chinese Version;
Saturday, November 1, 2008
Friday, October 31, 2008
Tcl
Wikipedia: Tcl wiki; Tk wiki
Tcl DeveloperSite
Tclers Wiki
Tcl/Tk at SourceForge
Tcl DeveloperSite
Tclers Wiki
Tcl/Tk at SourceForge
Tk Docs
Tcl/Tk Cookbook
C++/Tcl: A C++ library for interoperability between C++ and Tcl.
C++/Tk: A complete C++ interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.
Tcl/Tk Cookbook
C++/Tcl: A C++ library for interoperability between C++ and Tcl.
C++/Tk: A complete C++ interface to the Tk GUI toolkit.
Software Version Control
Subversion:
subversion(wiki)
Concurrent Version System
cvs(wiki)
The CVS Manual - Version Management with CVS
Git
Git - Fast Version Control System
subversion(wiki)
Concurrent Version System
cvs(wiki)
The CVS Manual - Version Management with CVS
Git
Git - Fast Version Control System
Open Source Software
GNU:
GNU
GNU-FTP
GNU Manual
Free Software Foundation
Free Software Directory
Gnulib - The GNU Portability Library
GNU Libtool - The GNU Portable Library Tool
GNU libtool is a generic library support script. Libtool hides the complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable interface.
sourceware.org: hosting some free software including GCC, GDB, etc
GNU documentation tree from Utah University
IEEE Std The Open Group
This standard defines a standard operating system interface and environment, including a command interpretere (or "shell"), and common utility programs to support applications portability at the source code level.
Open POSIX Test Suite: A GPL Open Source Project
FOSSLLC: Free and Open Source Software Learning Center
Industry community:
IBM-Open Source
Intel-Software Network
google-code
Free Software Project Hoster:
Savannah; Launchpad; SourceForge; ohloh; freshmeat; github;
Opensource code search engine: Koders
GNU
GNU-FTP
GNU Manual
Free Software Foundation
Free Software Directory
Gnulib - The GNU Portability Library
GNU Libtool - The GNU Portable Library Tool
GNU libtool is a generic library support script. Libtool hides the complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable interface.
sourceware.org: hosting some free software including GCC, GDB, etc
GNU documentation tree from Utah University
IEEE Std The Open Group
This standard defines a standard operating system interface and environment, including a command interpretere (or "shell"), and common utility programs to support applications portability at the source code level.
Open POSIX Test Suite: A GPL Open Source Project
FOSSLLC: Free and Open Source Software Learning Center
Industry community:
IBM-Open Source
Intel-Software Network
google-code
Free Software Project Hoster:
Savannah; Launchpad; SourceForge; ohloh; freshmeat; github;
Opensource code search engine: Koders
GUI Toolkit
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